Craik (2002)

Levels of processing: Past, present... and future?

Memory, 10(5-6), 305-318

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Abstract

In this article I first briefly survey some enduring legacies of the Craik and Lockhart (1972) article on levels of processing (LOP) and address some common criticisms. In the next section I discuss whether memory can be regarded as “pure processing”, the role of short-term memory in an LOP framework, measurement of “depth” in LOP, encoding-retrieval interactions, the concept of consolidation, and the reality of “levels” of processing. In the final section I offer some speculations on future directions, discussing the notion of levels of representation and a possible continuing role for LOP in memory research.

Reference

Craik, F. I. (2002). Levels of processing: Past, present... and future?. Memory, 10(5-6), 305-318.

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