Stadler et al. (1999)

Norms for word lists that create false memories

Memory & Cognition, 27(3), 494-500

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Reference

Stadler, M. A., Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1999). Norms for word lists that create false memories. Memory & Cognition, 27(3), 494-500. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03211543

What Rests on This

1 mechanism cites this source. Each finding below is quoted as it appears on that mechanism's own page.

Schema Application Representational Structures

Measured in humans

Normative data for 36 DRM lists, in which people study associates of an unpresented word, show a wide human range: 60% or more of participants falsely recalled the critical word for the most effective lists (with false recognition above 80%), versus 10% false recall and 27% false recognition for the weakest list
Measured in AI

GPT-4's 11.4% lure rate falls below the human range of roughly 27% to over 80% false recognition, but because the model could still see the lists, fewer false memories is exactly what its advantage predicts, so under the uneven-test rule this result does not count as a comparison