Shepard (1967)

Recognition Memory Processes

• Measured in humans

  In the classic forced-choice study, people looked once through about 600 randomly chosen words, sentences or pictures and then picked the old item from pairs with a randomly chosen new one; the median participant was correct on 90% of word pairs, 88% of sentence pairs and 98% of picture pairs

• Measured in AI

  The human baseline is only partly confirmed: Shepard's abstract gives a median of 88% for sentences and a 1971 summary gives 612 sentences, 68 test pairs and 89% correct, which fits Orhan's line, but the number of participants and the spread across them could not be confirmed because the original article was not accessible