Godden & Baddeley (1975)

CONTEXT‐DEPENDENT MEMORY IN TWO NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS: ON LAND AND UNDERWATER

British Journal of Psychology, 66(3), 325-331

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Abstract

In a free recall experiment, divers learnt lists of words in two natural environments: on dry land and underwater, and recalled the words in either the environment of original learning, or in the alternative environment. Lists learnt underwater were best recalled underwater, and vice versa. A subsequent experiment shows that the disruption of moving from one environment to the other was unlikely to be responsible for context-dependent memory.

Reference

Godden, D. R., & Baddeley, A. D. (1975). Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology, 66(3), 325-331.

What Rests on This

1 mechanism cites this source. Each finding below is quoted as it appears on that mechanism's own page.

Context-Dependent Retrieval Memory Processes

Measured in humans

In the classic context-match paradigm, divers learned word lists on land or underwater and recalled them in the same or the other environment; lists were best recalled where they were learned, an interaction (F = 22.0) that a later reanalysis converts to a lower-bound Cohen's d of about 2.7