Mertens & Engelhard (2020)

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for unaware fear conditioning

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 254-268

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Reference

Mertens, G., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for unaware fear conditioning. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 254-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.012

What Rests on This

1 mechanism cites this source. Each finding below is quoted as it appears on that mechanism's own page.

Classical Conditioning Memory Systems

Measured in humans

A systematic review and meta-analysis of 41 studies found no convincing evidence that fear conditioning occurs without awareness of the CS–US contingency, with higher-quality studies less likely to report unaware conditioning and signs of publication bias